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1200 BCE – 500 CE

Polities of antiquity

305 polities whose span overlaps this band, grouped by region and listed in order.

Europe · 102

Minoan 3299 BCE – 1099 BCE European tribal peoples Attested 3000 BCE – 1930 CE Germanic and Slavic tribes Attested 3000 BCE – 1200 CE Assyria 2024 BCE – 608 BCE Hittites Attested 2000 BCE – 700 BCE Colchis 1700 BCE – 163 BCE Celtiberians Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Cimerians Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Greek city-states Attested 1500 BCE – 300 BCE Illyrians Attested 1500 BCE – 500 BCE N. European Bronze Age cultures Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Phrygians Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Saami Attested 1500 BCE – 700 CE Thrace Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Urnfield cultures Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Lusatian culture 1300 BCE – 500 BCE Celts Founded 1200 BCE · attested to 100 BCE Celltic Hallsatt culture 1199 BCE – 400 BCE Chernoles culture 950 BCE – 690 BCE Empire of Alexander 807 BCE – 166 BCE Carthage 801 BCE – 145 BCE Carthaginian Empire 801 BCE – 145 BCE Pergamon Founded 800 BCE · attested to 200 BCE La Tène culture Attested 700 BCE Milograd culture 700 BCE – 100 CE Proto-Scythian culture Attested 700 BCE Roman Republic 508 BCE – 26 BCE Rome 508 BCE – 26 BCE Bell-shaped burials culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Boii Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Brushed Pottery culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Curonians Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Eastern Masurian culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Etrurians Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Plain-Pottery culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Pomeranian culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Sabini Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Sambian-Nothangian culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Samnites Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Western Masurian culture Attested 500 BCE – 100 CE Odrysian Kingdom 459 BCE – 46 CE Bosporan Kingdom 436 BCE – 370 CE Bosporian Kingdom 436 BCE – 370 CE Germanic tribes Attested 400 BCE Greek colonies Attested 400 BCE Armenia Attested 323 BCE – 2026 CE Cappadocia Attested 323 BCE – 300 BCE Sabines Attested 323 BCE Bithynia 321 BCE – 73 BCE Crete Attested 300 BCE Kingdom of Antigonus Attested 300 BCE Kingdom of Kassander Attested 300 BCE Kingdom of Lysimachus Attested 300 BCE Numidia 201 BCE – 45 BCE Dardania Attested 200 BCE Kingdom of Gala Attested 200 BCE Kingdom of Syphax Attested 200 BCE Macedon and Hellenic League Attested 200 BCE minor states Attested 200 BCE – 100 BCE Norsemen Attested 200 BCE Daces Attested 100 BCE Sarmates Attested 100 BCE Dacia 59 BCE – 106 CE Roman Empire 26 BCE – 395 CE Rome (Constantinus) 26 BCE – 395 CE Rome (Diocletianus) 26 BCE – 395 CE Rome (Galerius) 26 BCE – 395 CE Rome (Maximian) 26 BCE – 395 CE Boihaenum Attested 1 BCE – 200 CE Dumonii Attested 1 BCE – 400 CE Alans Attested 100 CE – 1100 CE Goths 100 CE – 1475 CE Heruli Attested 200 CE – 300 CE Sámi Attested 200 CE – 1530 CE San Marino Founded 301 CE · attested to 1815 CE Byzantine Empire 395 CE – 1453 CE Eastern Roman Empire 395 CE – 1453 CE Western Roman Empire 395 CE – 500 CE Akatziri Attested 400 CE Alamans Attested 400 CE Burgunds Attested 400 CE – 500 CE Caucasian Alans Attested 400 CE Dumnonia 400 CE – 927 CE Franks Attested 400 CE – 500 CE Geats Attested 400 CE Gepids Attested 400 CE Hunnic Empire Attested 400 CE Ostrogoths Attested 400 CE – 600 CE Skirii Attested 400 CE Swedes Attested 400 CE – 700 CE Visigoths Attested 400 CE – 500 CE Visigothic Kingdom 476 CE – 718 CE France Founded 481 CE · attested to 2026 CE Frankish Kingdom 481 CE – 843 CE Anglo-Saxons Founded 500 CE · attested to 500 CE Armorica Attested 500 CE Basks Attested 500 CE Principality of Kyiv 500 CE – 1471 CE Saxons Founded 500 CE · attested to 700 CE Sveves Attested 500 CE Turingians Attested 500 CE Vandals Attested 500 CE

Middle East · 36

Ur 3799 BCE – 499 BCE Egypt Attested 3000 BCE – 2026 CE Elam Attested 3000 BCE – 700 BCE Andronovo 2299 BCE – 999 BCE Babylonia 1900 BCE – 538 BCE Arabian pastoral nomads Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Arameans Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Iranian pastoralists Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Kingdom of David and Solomon Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Kush Attested 1500 BCE – 400 BCE Saba Attested 1500 BCE – 100 BCE state societies and Aramaean kingdoms Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Urartu Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Qataban 800 BCE – 150 CE Achaemenid Empire 549 BCE – 329 BCE Blemmyes Attested 500 BCE – 700 CE Meroe Attested 500 BCE – 400 CE Nabatean Kingdom 400 BCE – 106 CE Atropatene 323 BCE – 226 CE Hadramaut Attested 323 BCE – 1700 CE Seleucid Kingdom 311 BCE – 62 BCE Ptolemaic Kingdom 304 BCE – 29 BCE Damot Attested 300 BCE Parthian Empire 246 BCE – 300 CE Arabs Attested 200 BCE – 1500 CE Maan Attested 200 BCE – 100 BCE Parthia Attested 200 BCE – 100 BCE Himyarite Kingdom 109 BCE – 525 CE Axum Attested 1 BCE – 900 CE Judea Attested 1 BCE Mascat Attested 1 BCE Sasanian Empire 224 CE – 700 CE Nobatia 400 CE – 700 CE Persia Attested 400 CE – 1914 CE Shirvan Founded 400 CE · attested to 1100 CE Makkura 500 CE – 1518 CE

South Asia · 43

Dravidians Attested 3000 BCE – 700 BCE Gandhara grave culture 1599 BCE – 499 BCE Burmese Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Tibetans Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Vedic Aryans 1500 BCE – 500 BCE Pancala 900 BCE – 400 BCE Gandhāra 750 BCE – 535 CE Kosala 700 BCE – 500 BCE Surasena 700 BCE – 300 BCE Vatsa 700 BCE – 300 BCE Avanti Attested 500 BCE Hindu kingdoms Attested 500 BCE – 1715 CE Iron Age megalith cultures Attested 500 BCE Kasi Attested 500 BCE Kuru Attested 500 BCE Magadha Attested 500 BCE – 200 CE Malla Attested 500 BCE Simhala Attested 500 BCE – 700 CE Zhangzhung Kingdom 500 BCE – 625 CE Proto-Tibetan cultures Attested 400 BCE Hindu kingdoms and republics Attested 323 BCE – 300 BCE Mauryan Empire 321 BCE – 100 BCE Cholas 299 BCE – 1279 CE Pandyas 299 BCE – 1650 CE Arakan Attested 200 BCE – 1815 CE Bactria Attested 200 BCE Iron Age chieftainships Attested 200 BCE Saka Kingdom 199 BCE – 400 CE Kushan Empire Attested 100 BCE – 100 CE Kalinga Attested 1 BCE – 1000 CE Satavahanihara Attested 1 BCE – 400 CE Suren Kingdom Attested 1 BCE – 400 CE Bagan Founded 200 CE · attested to 1200 CE Chola Attested 200 CE Vakataka 250 CE – 500 CE Pallava 275 CE – 900 CE Pallavas 275 CE – 897 CE Gupta Empire 300 CE – 550 CE Kadambas 345 CE – 525 CE Western Gangas 350 CE – 1000 CE Cheras Attested 500 CE – 700 CE Kushan Principalities Attested 500 CE Vishnu-Kundins Attested 500 CE

East Asia · 47

Ainu Attested 3000 BCE – 1700 CE Gojoseon 2332 BCE – 107 BCE Austronesian peoples Attested 2000 BCE – 1994 CE Paleo-Siberian hunter-gatherers Attested 2000 BCE – 1200 CE Thai Attested 2000 BCE – 200 BCE Austro-Asiatic rice farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 400 BCE Late Jomon culture Attested 1500 BCE – 400 BCE Paleo-Koreans Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Prot-Altaic pastoralists Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Sinic Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Wu Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Zhoa Attested 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Proto-Altaic pastoralists Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Zhou states Attested 500 BCE – 400 BCE Donghu tribes Attested 400 BCE Proto-Thai cultures Attested 400 BCE Xiongnu 400 BCE – 500 CE Yayoi Attested 400 BCE – 700 CE Qin Attested 323 BCE – 300 BCE Yue Attested 323 BCE – 300 BCE Zhow states Attested 323 BCE – 300 BCE Southern Xiongnu 300 BCE – 500 CE Han Empire 205 BCE – 220 CE Malays Attested 200 BCE – 1200 CE Min-Yue Attested 200 BCE – 100 BCE Mon-Khmer Attested 200 BCE Nan-Yue Attested 200 BCE – 100 BCE Tungus Attested 200 BCE – 900 CE Hövsgöl Nuur Attested 100 BCE Silla 56 BCE – 900 CE Koguryo 36 BCE – 700 CE Paekche 17 BCE – 700 CE Hainan Attested 1 BCE – 1400 CE Han Attested 1 BCE – 200 CE Funan 68 CE – 600 CE Gaya Attested 100 CE – 400 CE Champa 192 CE – 1832 CE Jin Empire 266 CE – 500 CE Han Zhao 300 CE – 329 CE Jin Attested 300 CE – 400 CE Sixteen Kingdoms 304 CE – 439 CE Kamarupa 350 CE – 1200 CE Northern Liang 397 CE – 439 CE Kurykans Attested 500 CE Lavo Attested 500 CE Toba Wei Attested 500 CE Yamato Attested 500 CE – 900 CE

Africa · 8

Saharan Pastoral Nomads Attested 2000 BCE – 200 BCE Berbers Attested 1500 BCE – 900 CE Ethiopian highland farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 323 BCE Guanches Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Khoiasan Attested 1500 BCE – 1500 CE West African cereal farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 1500 CE Mauretania 300 BCE – 698 CE Empire of Ghana 100 CE – 1200 CE

Americas · 53

Arctic marine mammal hunters Attested 2000 BCE – 1200 CE Maya chiefdoms and states 2000 BCE – 1521 CE Amazon hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1783 CE Andean hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1783 CE Caribbean hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1650 CE Chinchoros Attested 1500 BCE – 500 BCE Chorrera Attested 1500 BCE – 100 BCE Desert hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1500 CE Eastern North Amercian hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1400 CE El Paraiso Attested 1500 BCE – 500 BCE Maize farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 200 BCE Manioc farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 100 BCE North American Pacifi foraging, hunting and fishing peoples Attested 1500 BCE – 1500 CE Olmec Attested 1500 BCE – 400 BCE Pampas cultures Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Patagonian shellfish and marine mammal hunters Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Plain bison hunters Attested 1500 BCE – 1500 CE Plateau fichers and hunter gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1530 CE Poverty point culture Attested 1500 BCE – 500 CE Savanna hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1783 CE Shellfish gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 800 CE Subarctic forest hunter-gatherers Attested 1500 BCE – 1715 CE Chavin Attested 1000 BCE – 100 BCE Muisca Founded 600 BCE · attested to 1492 CE Adena Culture Attested 500 BCE – 200 BCE Glades Culture Attested 500 BCE – 400 CE Paleo-Inuit Attested 500 BCE – 400 CE Paracas Attested 400 BCE – 200 BCE Wankarani Attested 400 BCE – 100 BCE Zapotec Attested 400 BCE Monte Albán Attested 323 BCE – 700 CE Teotihuacán Attested 323 BCE – 700 CE Copena Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Couture Complex Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Fourche Maline Culture Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Goodall Focus Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Hopewell Culture Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Laurel complex Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Marksville Culture Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Mill Creek Culture Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Miller Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Nazca Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Point Peninsula Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Porter Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Saugeen Complex Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Swift Creek Culture Attested 100 BCE – 500 CE Moche Attested 1 BCE – 700 CE Hohokam 300 CE – 1500 CE Caloosahatchee culture 500 CE – 1750 CE Caloosahatchee cultureure 500 CE – 1750 CE Dorset Attested 500 CE – 1400 CE Maya states Attested 500 CE – 700 CE Veracruz civilization Attested 500 CE – 700 CE

Oceania · 7

Aboriginal Tasmanians Attested 3000 BCE – 1800 CE Austronesians Attested 3000 BCE – 400 BCE Polynesian peoples Attested 3000 BCE – 1200 CE Australian aboriginal hunter-gatherers Attested 2000 BCE – 1815 CE Tasmanian hunter-gatherers Attested 2000 BCE – 1715 CE Papuan neolithic farmers Attested 1500 BCE – 400 BCE Papuan Attested 200 BCE

Elsewhere · 9

Finno-Ugric taiga hunter-gatherers Attested 2000 BCE – 1200 CE Karasuk culture 1500 BCE – 700 BCE Scythians Attested 400 BCE – 100 CE Turcik tribes Attested 200 BCE Yuezhi Attested 200 BCE Saces Attested 100 BCE Yueban Attested 100 CE – 400 CE Ruanruan 330 CE – 555 CE Tuʻi Tonga Empire Attested 500 CE – 1815 CE