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1800 CE – 2026 CE

Polities of the modern era

906 polities whose span overlaps this band, grouped by region and listed in order.

Europe · 123

European tribal peoples Attested 3000 BCE – 1930 CE Armenia Attested 323 BCE – 2026 CE San Marino Founded 301 CE · attested to 1815 CE France Founded 481 CE · attested to 2026 CE Papal States 754 CE – 1870 CE Cyprus Attested 800 CE – 2026 CE Denmark Founded 800 CE · attested to 2026 CE Norway Founded 900 CE · attested to 2026 CE Serbia Attested 900 CE – 2026 CE Sweden Founded 900 CE · attested to 2026 CE Holy Roman Empire 962 CE – 1806 CE Croatia Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Denmark-Norway Attested 1000 CE – 1800 CE Georgia Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Hungary Founded 1000 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kingdom of Hungary 1000 CE – 1946 CE Poland Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Schleswig 1058 CE – 1866 CE Württemberg 1083 CE – 1952 CE Hohenzollern Founded 1100 CE · attested to 1815 CE Baden Founded 1112 CE · attested to 1815 CE Portugal Founded 1128 CE · attested to 2026 CE Andorra Founded 1278 CE · attested to 2026 CE Lithuania Attested 1279 CE – 2026 CE Ottoman Empire 1299 CE – 1922 CE Ottoman Sultanate 1299 CE – 1930 CE Kingdom of Sardinia 1324 CE – 1861 CE Romania Founded 1330 CE · attested to 2026 CE Moldova Attested 1400 CE – 2026 CE Holstein Founded 1474 CE · attested to 1815 CE Spain Founded 1516 CE · attested to 2026 CE Prussia 1525 CE – 1947 CE Kingdom of Ireland 1542 CE – 1801 CE Finnmark Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Schaumburg-Lippe 1643 CE – 1918 CE Austrian Empire Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Fivizzano Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Lombardy Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Lucca Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Luxembourg Attested 1650 CE – 2026 CE Massa Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Modena Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Parma Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Pontremoli Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Sardinia-Piedmont 1650 CE – 1861 CE Tunis Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Tuscany Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Austrian Netherlands 1714 CE – 1800 CE Bremen Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Hamburg Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Hanover Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Lübeck Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Montenegro Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Netherlands Founded 1715 CE · attested to 2026 CE Oldenburg Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE United Kingdom Founded 1715 CE · attested to 2026 CE Russian Empire 1721 CE – 1917 CE Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1738 CE – 1861 CE East Prussia 1773 CE – 1945 CE Anhalt Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Bavaria Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Brunswick Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Cuxhaven Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Lippe-Detmold 1783 CE – 1918 CE Mecklenburg-Schwerin Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Mecklenburg-Strelitz Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Saxony Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Thuringia Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Venetia Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Waldeck Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Batavian Republic 1795 CE – 1806 CE Helvetic Republic 1798 CE – 1803 CE Swabia Attested 1800 CE Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806 CE – 1918 CE Liechtenstein Founded 1806 CE · attested to 2026 CE Electoral Hesse 1814 CE – 1866 CE Sweden–Norway 1814 CE – 1905 CE Nassau Attested 1815 CE Palatinate Attested 1815 CE Republic of Kraków 1815 CE – 1846 CE Switzerland Founded 1815 CE · attested to 2026 CE Wetzlar Attested 1815 CE Greece Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Belgium Founded 1830 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kingfom of Italy 1861 CE – 1946 CE Austria Hungary 1867 CE – 1918 CE Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867 CE – 1918 CE German Empire 1871 CE – 1918 CE Bulgaria Founded 1878 CE · attested to 2026 CE Algeria (FR) Founded 1880 CE · attested to 1880 CE Bosnia-Herzegovina Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Germany Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Iceland Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Italy Attested 1880 CE – 2026 CE Malta Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Albania Founded 1912 CE · attested to 2026 CE Spanish Morocco 1912 CE – 1956 CE Finland Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Austria Founded 1918 CE · attested to 2026 CE Czechoslovakia 1918 CE – 1992 CE Estonia Founded 1918 CE · attested to 2026 CE Latvia Founded 1918 CE · attested to 2026 CE Yugoslavia 1918 CE – 1992 CE Danzig 1920 CE – 1939 CE South Russia Attested 1920 CE Syria Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Ukraine Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Turkey Founded 1923 CE · attested to 2026 CE Ireland Attested 1938 CE – 2026 CE Germany (France) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Germany (Soviet) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Germany (UK) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Germany (USA) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Saar Protectorate 1945 CE – 1956 CE East Germany 1949 CE – 1990 CE West Germany 1949 CE – 1990 CE Slovenia Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE Bosnia and Herzegovina Founded 1992 CE · attested to 2026 CE Czech Republic Founded 1993 CE · attested to 2026 CE Slovakia Founded 1993 CE · attested to 2026 CE Byelarus Attested 1994 CE – 2026 CE Macedonia Attested 1994 CE – 2026 CE Turkish Cypriot-administered area Attested 1994 CE – 2026 CE

Middle East · 37

Egypt Attested 3000 BCE – 2026 CE Persia Attested 400 CE – 1914 CE Hejaz Attested 600 CE – 1938 CE Yemen Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Funj 1492 CE – 1821 CE Khiva Khanate 1511 CE – 1920 CE Darfur Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Oman Attested 1530 CE – 2026 CE Awsa Attested 1650 CE – 1800 CE Saudi Arabia Founded 1727 CE · attested to 2026 CE Nejd Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Turan Attested 1815 CE Muscat and Oman 1820 CE – 1970 CE Trucial Oman 1820 CE – 1971 CE Qatar Founded 1870 CE · attested to 2026 CE Arabia Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Bokhara Khanate Attested 1880 CE Arabia (Nejd) Attested 1914 CE Azerbaijan Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE British Protectorate Attested 1914 CE Eritrea Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kuwait Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Emirate of Bin Shal'an Attested 1920 CE – 1938 CE Hail Attested 1920 CE – 1938 CE Iran Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Mandatory Palestine (GB) 1920 CE – 1948 CE Mesopotamia (GB) Attested 1920 CE – 1938 CE Syria (France) Founded 1920 CE · attested to 1938 CE Iraq Founded 1932 CE · attested to 2026 CE Eritrea (Italy) Founded 1938 CE · attested to 1938 CE Israel Founded 1938 CE · attested to 2026 CE Jordan Founded 1938 CE · attested to 2026 CE Oman (British Raj) Founded 1938 CE · attested to 1938 CE Yemen (UK) Founded 1938 CE · attested to 1938 CE Lebanon Founded 1943 CE · attested to 2026 CE United Arab Emirates Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Turkmenistan Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE

South Asia · 37

Arakan Attested 200 BCE – 1815 CE Sindh Attested 900 CE – 1800 CE Tibet Attested 1000 CE – 1960 CE Bhutan Attested 1200 CE – 2026 CE Nepal Attested 1200 CE – 2026 CE Mughal Empire 1526 CE – 1857 CE British East India Company 1600 CE – 1874 CE Madras Founded 1639 CE · attested to 1800 CE Ceylon Attested 1650 CE – 1938 CE Ceylon (Dutch) Attested 1650 CE – 1800 CE Kandy Attested 1650 CE – 1800 CE Maratha Confederacy 1674 CE – 1818 CE Afghanistan Founded 1709 CE · attested to 2026 CE Nizam's Dominions 1724 CE – 1948 CE Travancore 1729 CE – 1949 CE Oudh 1732 CE – 1859 CE Bahawalpur Founded 1748 CE · attested to 1800 CE Ambur Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Assam Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Carnatic Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Cochin Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Goa Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Gooty Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE India Attested 1783 CE – 2026 CE Malabar Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Mysore Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Kanara Founded 1799 CE · attested to 1800 CE Bundelkhand Attested 1800 CE Circars 1800 CE – 1947 CE Rajputs Attested 1800 CE Sikhs Attested 1800 CE Mysore (Indian princely state) Attested 1815 CE Sikkim (Indian princely state) Attested 1815 CE British Raj 1858 CE – 1947 CE Bangladesh Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Pakistan Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Sri Lanka Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE

East Asia · 42

Austronesian peoples Attested 2000 BCE – 1994 CE Champa 192 CE – 1832 CE Japan Attested 800 CE – 2026 CE Annam Attested 1000 CE – 1945 CE Korea Attested 1000 CE – 1900 CE Đại Việt 1054 CE – 1805 CE Siam Founded 1238 CE · attested to 1938 CE Thailand Founded 1238 CE · attested to 2026 CE Russia Founded 1263 CE · attested to 2026 CE Brunei Founded 1368 CE · attested to 2026 CE Cambodia Attested 1492 CE – 2026 CE Laos Attested 1492 CE – 2026 CE Philippines Founded 1492 CE · attested to 2026 CE Taiwan Attested 1492 CE – 2026 CE Tokugawa Shogunate 1603 CE – 1867 CE Qing Empire 1636 CE – 1912 CE Hong Kong Attested 1650 CE – 2026 CE Malaya Attested 1650 CE – 1914 CE Manchu Empire Attested 1650 CE – 1914 CE Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782 CE – 1932 CE Burma Attested 1783 CE – 2026 CE Cochin China Attested 1783 CE – 1945 CE Vietnam Founded 1804 CE · attested to 2026 CE Empire of Japan 1868 CE – 1947 CE Imperial Japan 1868 CE – 1947 CE French Indochina 1880 CE – 1954 CE French Indo-China 1887 CE – 1954 CE Guam Founded 1898 CE · attested to 1938 CE Mongolia Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Sakhalin (RU) Attested 1914 CE Chinese Warlords Attested 1920 CE – 1938 CE Far Eastern SSR Attested 1920 CE – 1930 CE Malaysia Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Manchuria Attested 1920 CE – 1945 CE Saipan Attested 1938 CE China Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Japan (USA) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Korea (USA) Attested 1945 CE Korea (USSR) Attested 1945 CE Tonkin Attested 1945 CE Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Founded 1948 CE · attested to 2026 CE Korea, Republic of Founded 1948 CE · attested to 2026 CE

Africa · 175

Guanches Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Morocco Founded 789 CE · attested to 2026 CE Morocco (France) Founded 789 CE · attested to 1938 CE Ghana Attested 800 CE – 2026 CE Hausa States 900 CE – 1808 CE Expansionist Kingdom of Merina Attested 1000 CE – 1815 CE Madagascar Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Mali Attested 1000 CE – 2026 CE Kanem-Bornu 1100 CE – 1900 CE Benin Attested 1279 CE – 2026 CE Bornu-Kanem Attested 1279 CE – 1815 CE Ethiopia Attested 1279 CE – 2026 CE Buganda 1420 CE – 1966 CE Portuguese Guinea 1474 CE – 1974 CE Congo Attested 1492 CE – 2026 CE Mossi States Attested 1492 CE – 1900 CE Oyo Attested 1492 CE – 1900 CE Songhai Attested 1492 CE – 1800 CE Mozambique (Portugal) 1498 CE – 1975 CE Portuguese East Africa 1498 CE – 1975 CE Nkore 1500 CE – 1967 CE Algiers 1516 CE – 1830 CE Bagirmi Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Luba Attested 1530 CE – 1900 CE Lunda Attested 1530 CE – 1900 CE Oromo Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Senegal Attested 1530 CE – 2026 CE Wadai Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Imerina 1540 CE – 1900 CE Libya Founded 1551 CE · attested to 2026 CE Libya (IT) Founded 1551 CE · attested to 1930 CE Dendi Kingdom 1591 CE – 1901 CE Bunyoro 1600 CE – 1900 CE Dahomey 1600 CE – 1900 CE Wadai Empire 1635 CE – 1909 CE Delagoa Bay Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Rozwi 1650 CE – 1866 CE Angola (Portugal) Founded 1655 CE · attested to 1945 CE Kong Empire 1710 CE – 1898 CE Air Attested 1715 CE – 1800 CE Asante Attested 1715 CE – 1900 CE Cape Colony 1715 CE – 1910 CE Cyrenaica Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Segu Attested 1715 CE – 1800 CE Tripolitania Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Zanzibar Attested 1715 CE – 1815 CE Sultanate of Damagaram 1731 CE – 1899 CE Kazembe 1740 CE – 1899 CE Kaarta 1753 CE – 1854 CE Africa Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Dutch settlements Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Lozi Attested 1783 CE – 1900 CE Rift Valley States Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Sotho Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Xhosa Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Zulu Attested 1783 CE – 1815 CE Fulani Empire 1804 CE – 1903 CE Sokoto Caliphate 1804 CE – 1903 CE Angola Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Burundi Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Fante Attested 1815 CE Imbangala Attested 1815 CE Rwanda Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Sierra Leone Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Somalia Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Liberia Founded 1822 CE · attested to 2026 CE Orange Free State 1854 CE – 1902 CE Sultinate of Zanzibar 1856 CE – 1964 CE Sultanate of Utetera 1860 CE – 1900 CE Lagos 1862 CE – 1906 CE Griqualand West 1871 CE – 1900 CE Wassoulou Empire 1878 CE – 1898 CE Ato trading confederacy Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Barotse Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Basutoland 1880 CE – 1966 CE Borgu States Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Calabar Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Cotonou Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Fiji Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Futa Jalon Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Futa Toro Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Gabon Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Gambia Founded 1880 CE · attested to 1900 CE Gold Coast (GB) Attested 1880 CE Harer (Egypt) Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Ibadan Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Italian Somaliland 1880 CE – 1938 CE Ivory Coast Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kuba Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Mbailundu Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Mirambo Unyanyembe Ukimbu Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Mozambique Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Natal Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Ndebele Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Nguni Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Ngwato Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Opobo Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Ovimbundu Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Rabih az-Zubayr Attested 1880 CE Senegal (FR) Founded 1880 CE · attested to 1880 CE Shona Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Spanish Guinea 1880 CE – 1968 CE Swaziland Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Teke Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Transvaal Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Tukular Caliphate Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Yaka Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Yeke Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Zululand Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE British Somaliland 1884 CE – 1960 CE German South-West Africa 1884 CE – 1915 CE Kamerun 1884 CE – 1919 CE Spanish Sahara 1884 CE – 1976 CE Togoland 1884 CE – 1914 CE British East Africa 1895 CE – 1920 CE French West Africa 1895 CE – 1958 CE French Somaliland 1896 CE – 1967 CE Accra Attested 1900 CE Algeria Founded 1900 CE · attested to 2026 CE First Samori Empire Attested 1900 CE Kong Attested 1900 CE Second Samori Empire Attested 1900 CE Tunisia Founded 1900 CE · attested to 2026 CE Nyasaland 1907 CE – 1964 CE Belgian Congo 1908 CE – 1960 CE French Equatorial Africa 1910 CE – 1958 CE South Africa Founded 1910 CE · attested to 2026 CE Union of South Africa 1910 CE – 1961 CE Abyssinia Attested 1914 CE Anglo-Egyption Sudan Attested 1914 CE Botswana Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Djibouti Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Equatorial Guinea Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Gambia, The Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE German E. Africa (Tanganyika) Attested 1914 CE Gold Coast Attested 1914 CE – 1945 CE Lesotho Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Madagascar (France) Founded 1914 CE · attested to 1945 CE Malawi Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Nigeria Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Rhodesia 1914 CE – 1979 CE Rio De Oro Attested 1914 CE – 1938 CE Uganda Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE French Cameroons 1919 CE – 1960 CE Guinea-Bissau Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kenya Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Rwanda (Belgium) Founded 1920 CE · attested to 1938 CE Sudan Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Tanzania, United Republic of Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Togo Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Zaire (Belgium) 1920 CE – 1997 CE Zambia Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Zimbabwe Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Southern Rhodesia 1923 CE – 1980 CE Northern Rhodesia 1924 CE – 1964 CE Algeria (France) Founded 1938 CE · attested to 1938 CE Congo (France) Attested 1938 CE Ethiopia (Italy) Founded 1938 CE · attested to 1938 CE Walbis Bay Attested 1938 CE Antarctica Attested 1945 CE – 1960 CE Burkina Faso Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Cameroon Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Central African Republic Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Chad Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Cyraneica (UK Lybia) Attested 1945 CE Fezzan (Frech Lybia) Attested 1945 CE Guinea Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Guinea-Bissau (Portugal) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE Mauritania Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Namibia Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Niger Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE Southern Cameroon Attested 1945 CE Tripolitana (UK Lybia) Attested 1945 CE Western Sahara Attested 1945 CE – 2026 CE Zaire 1945 CE – 2026 CE

Americas · 86

Pampas cultures Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Patagonian shellfish and marine mammal hunters Attested 1500 BCE – 1815 CE Polynesians Attested 1000 CE – 1880 CE Shuar Attested 1279 CE – 1815 CE Yup'ik & Cup'ik Attested 1492 CE – 1800 CE Portuguese Brazil 1500 CE – 1815 CE Eyaq Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Inupiaq Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Suspiaq Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE T'atsaot'ine Attested 1530 CE – 1800 CE Vice-Royalty of New Spain Attested 1530 CE – 1815 CE Montserrat Founded 1632 CE · attested to 2026 CE Mosquito Coast 1637 CE – 1894 CE Belize Attested 1650 CE – 2026 CE Vice-Royalty of Peru Attested 1650 CE – 1815 CE Rupert's Land 1670 CE – 1870 CE Anguilla Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Antigua and Barbuda Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Dominica Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Grenada Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Guadeloupe Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Haiti Founded 1715 CE · attested to 2026 CE Jamaica (UK) Attested 1715 CE – 1945 CE Martinique Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Netherlands Antilles Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Saint Barthelemy Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Saint Lucia Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Saint Martin Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Trinidad Attested 1715 CE – 2026 CE Vice-Royalty of Brazil Attested 1715 CE – 1800 CE Vice-Royalty of New Granada 1717 CE – 1819 CE Viceroyalty of Brazil 1763 CE – 1815 CE Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 1776 CE – 1810 CE Acadian Peninsula (UK) Attested 1783 CE – 1800 CE Bahamas Attested 1783 CE – 2026 CE British Guiana 1783 CE – 1966 CE Luisiana Founded 1783 CE · attested to 1800 CE Paraguay Founded 1783 CE · attested to 2026 CE Quebec Founded 1783 CE · attested to 1800 CE Turks and Caicos Islands Attested 1783 CE – 2026 CE United States of America Founded 1783 CE · attested to 1900 CE United States Founded 1784 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kingdom of Hawaii 1795 CE – 1900 CE Kongldom of Hawaii 1795 CE – 1895 CE United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 CE – 1930 CE Chile Founded 1810 CE · attested to 2026 CE Colombia Founded 1810 CE · attested to 2026 CE Mexico Founded 1810 CE · attested to 2026 CE United Provinces of La Plata 1810 CE – 1831 CE Venezuela Founded 1811 CE · attested to 2026 CE Barbados Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Canada Founded 1815 CE · attested to 2026 CE Guiana Attested 1815 CE Kingdom of Brazil 1815 CE – 1900 CE Saint Kitts and Nevis Attested 1815 CE – 2026 CE Argentina Founded 1816 CE · attested to 2026 CE Costa Rica Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Guatemala Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Honduras Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Nicaragua Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Peru Founded 1821 CE · attested to 2026 CE Brazil Founded 1822 CE · attested to 2026 CE Bolivia Founded 1825 CE · attested to 2026 CE Uruguay Founded 1825 CE · attested to 2026 CE Ecuador Founded 1840 CE · attested to 2026 CE El Salvador Founded 1841 CE · attested to 2026 CE Dominican Republic Founded 1844 CE · attested to 2026 CE American Samoa Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Dutch Guiana Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE French Guiana Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Greenland Attested 1880 CE – 2026 CE Niue Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Samoa Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Tonga Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE United States Virgin Islands Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Wallis and Futuna Islands Founded 1880 CE · attested to 2026 CE Cuba Founded 1898 CE · attested to 2026 CE Puerto Rico Founded 1898 CE · attested to 2026 CE Rapa Nui Attested 1900 CE – 2026 CE Panama Founded 1903 CE · attested to 2026 CE Dominion of Newfoundland 1907 CE – 1949 CE Guyana Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Suriname Founded 1914 CE · attested to 2026 CE Jamaica Founded 1920 CE · attested to 2026 CE Martinique (France) Founded 1945 CE · attested to 1945 CE

Oceania · 395

Aboriginal Tasmanians Attested 3000 BCE – 1800 CE Australian aboriginal hunter-gatherers Attested 2000 BCE – 1815 CE Papou Attested 800 CE – 1815 CE Māori Attested 1279 CE – 1900 CE Papua New Guinea Attested 1492 CE – 2026 CE Dutch Guinea 1598 CE – 1945 CE Agwarmin Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Alawa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Alyawarre Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Amangu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Amarak Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Andegerebenha Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Andyamathanha Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Anggamudi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Anguthimri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Anmatyerre Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Antakarinja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Arabana Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Arrernte Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Awabakal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Awngthim Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Badimaya Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Badtjala Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bakanh Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ballardong Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Bandjigali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Banggarla Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Banjima Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Baraba Baraba Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Baradha Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bardi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Barindji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Barkindji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Barna Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Barranbinya Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Barundji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Barunggam Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bayali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bibbulman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Bidjara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bidwell Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bigambul Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bilinara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Binbinga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bindjali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Biri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Biripi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Birria Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Boonwurrung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Buandig Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Budjari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bukurnidja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Bularnu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Bundjalung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Burarra Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dadi Dadi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dainggatti Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dangbon Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Danggali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Darkinung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Darumbal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dharawala Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dharug Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dhirari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dieri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Dja Dja Wurrung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Djabuganjdji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Djabwurung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Djargurdwurung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Djirbalngan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Doolboong/Miriwoong Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Dyungungoo (Gubbi Gubbi) Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Eora Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gabalbara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gadubanud Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gagudju Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gamberre Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gananggalinda Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ganggalida Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gangulu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Garawa Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Garingbal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gayiri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Geawegal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Giraiwurung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Giya Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gooniyandi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Goreng Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gugu-Badhun Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gulidjan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gumbainggir Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gunbalang Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gunditjmara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gundungurra Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gungabula Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gunggari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gungurugoni Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gunibidji Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gunindiri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gunu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gunwinggu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Gureng Gureng Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Gurindji Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Guringai Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Guugu-Yimidhirr Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Guwa Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Guwinmal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Iningai Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Iwaidja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jabirrjabirr Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jaburrara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jaitmatang Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Jaminjung Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jardwadjali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Jaru Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jawoyn Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jingili Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jiwarli Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jukun Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Jurruru Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kaantju Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kadjerong Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kalaako/Malpa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kalaamaya Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kalkadoon Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kamilaroi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kaniyang Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Karajarri Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Karangpurru Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Karangura Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Karenggapa Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kariyarra Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Karuwali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kaurna Pangkarra Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kaytej Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kija Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kokatha Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Koknar Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Koko-bera Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kokomini Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kokowarra Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Konbudj Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kooma Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kukatj Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kukatja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kuku-yalanji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kullilla Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kundjey’mi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kungarakany Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kunja Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kunjen Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kureinji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kurnai Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kurrama Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kurtjar Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kuthant Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kuuku-ya’u Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kuuku-yani Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kuungkari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kuwarra Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kuwema Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Kuyani Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Kwini Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Lamalama Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Larrakia Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Latje Latje Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Limilngan Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Luritja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Luthigh Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Madi Madi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Maiawali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Malak malak Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Malkana Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Malyangaba Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mandandanji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mandjindja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mangala Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mangarayi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Maranunggu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mardu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Margany Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Marramaninjsji Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Marringarr Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Marrithiyel Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Martuthunira Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Maung Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Maya Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mayi-Kulan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mayi-Kutuna Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mayi-Thakurti Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mayi-Yapi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mbabaram Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mbara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mbeiwum Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mbukarla Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Meru Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Minang Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mingin Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mirning Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Mithaka Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Miwa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Miyan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mpalitjanh Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mudburra Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Murrinh-patha Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Muruwari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Mutumui Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nakako Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nakara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nana Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Narangga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nari Nari Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nawu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngaanyatjarra Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngadjuri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngalakan Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngalawangka Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngalea Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngaliwuru Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngalkbun Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngambri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngamini Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngan’gikurunggurr Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngan’giwumirri Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngandi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngandji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nganyaywana Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngarabal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngargad Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngarigo Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngarinman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngarinyin Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngarla Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngarluma Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngarrindjeri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngarti Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngatatjara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngatjumay Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngawun Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngombur Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nguburinji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngumbarl Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Ngunawal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nguri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Ngurraiillam Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nhanta Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nhuwala Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nimanburu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nukunu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nungali Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nunggubuyu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nyaki-nyaki Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nyamal Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nyanganyatjara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nyangumarda Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nyawaygi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Nyikina Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Nyul Nyul Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Palyku Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Payungu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Peramangk Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Pinikura Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Pinjarup Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Pintupi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Pirlatapa Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Pitjantjatjara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Pitta-Pitta Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Punuba Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Purduna Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Rembarnga Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Takalak Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Taungurung Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Teppathiggi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Thaayorre Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Thalanyji Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Tharawal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Tharrgari Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Thiin Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Thul Garrie Waja (Bindal) Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Tjalkanti Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Tjerratj Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Tjungundji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Tjupany Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Turrbal Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Umbindhamu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Umida Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Umpila Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Unggarangi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Unggumi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Uutaalnganu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Waanyi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wadi Wadi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wadigali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wadjigu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wagiman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wailwan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wajuk Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Waka Waka Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wakabunga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wakaya Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Walangama Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Walmatjarri Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wambaya Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wandjiwalgu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wangan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wangkamana Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wangkangurru Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wangkathaa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wangkumara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wardaman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wardandi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wargamaygan Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Warlmanpa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Warlpiri Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Warluwarra Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Warray Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Warriyangga Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Warumungu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Warwa Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wathaurong Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Watjarri Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Waveroo Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wawula Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wemba Wemba Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wergaia Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wiilman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wik Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wiljali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Winda Winda Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wiradjuri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wirangu Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wongaibon Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wonnarua Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Woolna Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Worimi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Worla Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Worora Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wudjari Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wulgurukaba Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wuli-wuli Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wunambul Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wuningangk Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Wunumara Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wurundjeri Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Wuthathi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yadhaigana Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yagalingu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yalarrnga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yambina Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yanda Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yandruwandha Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yanga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yangga Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yangman Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yankuntjatjara Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yanyuwa Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yarluyandi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yawarawarka Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yawuru Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yidinjdji Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yiiji Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yilba Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yiman Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yindjibarndi Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yinggarda Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yinhawangka Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yinwum Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yir Yoront Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yirandali Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yitha Yitha Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yolngu Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yorta Yorta Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yuat Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yugambeh Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yuggera Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yuin Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yulparitja Attested 1600 CE – 1815 CE Yupangathi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yuru Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE Yuwi Attested 1600 CE – 1800 CE New South Wales Founded 1788 CE · attested to 1815 CE New South Wales (UK) Founded 1788 CE · attested to 1900 CE Netherlands Indies 1800 CE – 1949 CE South Australia (UK) Founded 1836 CE · attested to 1900 CE New Zealand Founded 1841 CE · attested to 2026 CE New Caledonia Founded 1853 CE · attested to 1938 CE Queensland (UK) Founded 1859 CE · attested to 1900 CE Northern Territory (UK) Founded 1880 CE · attested to 1900 CE Victoria (UK) Attested 1880 CE – 1900 CE Western Australia (UK) Founded 1880 CE · attested to 1900 CE Australia Founded 1901 CE · attested to 2026 CE New Hebrides 1907 CE – 1980 CE Gilbert and Elice Islands Attested 1938 CE Indonesia Founded 1945 CE · attested to 2026 CE

Elsewhere · 11

Tuʻi Tonga Empire Attested 500 CE – 1815 CE central Asian khanates Attested 1530 CE – 1900 CE Dutch East Indies Attested 1650 CE – 1938 CE Kuril Islands Attested 1800 CE – 1815 CE Xinjiang Founded 1914 CE · attested to 1945 CE USSR 1920 CE – 1991 CE White Russia Attested 1920 CE – 1930 CE Kazakhstan Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE Kyrgyzstan Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE Tajikistan Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE Uzbekistan Founded 1991 CE · attested to 2026 CE